Clinical evidence

Upper GI surgery

• Radical esophagectomy

• Thoracoabdominal radical resection for Siewert type I gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma

• Fundoplication for GERD

• Hiatal hernia repair

• Radical distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer (Billroth I anastomosis)

• Radical total gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer

• Radical proximal gastrectomy for gastric cancer (right-sided overlap and single-flap valvuloplasty)

• Radical proximal gastrectomy for gastric cancer (double-tract reconstruction)

• Radical proximal gastrectomy for gastric cancer (Kamikawa anastomosis)

• Partial gastrectomy for GIST

Hepatobiliary & pancreatic (HPB) surgery

• Hepatectomy

• Mesohepatectomy (S4b + S5v)

• Pancreaticoduodenectomy

• Distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy

• Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy reconstruction

Colorectal surgery

• Colectomy (total/right/left/transverse/sigmoid)

• Total colectomy for slow-transit constipation

• Low anterior resection (LAR)

• Intersphincteric resection (ISR)

• Total mesorectal excision (TME)

• Transanal local excision (TAE/TALE)

• Transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME)

• Rectopexy

• One-stage excision of rectal cancer and liver metastases

Bariatric surgery

• Sleeve gastrectomy

• Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Hernia surgery

• TAPP (transabdominal preperitoneal repair)

• TEP (totally extraperitoneal repair)

• Diaphragmatic hernia repair via an abdominal approach

Breast surgery

• Nipple-sparing mastectomy

• Total mastectomy with subpectoral prosthetic reconstruction for breast cancer

Basic procedures

• Appendectomy

• Cholecystectomy

Renal surgery

• Radical nephrectomy

• Partial nephrectomy

• Adrenalectomy

• Renal cyst excision

• Extraperitoneal adrenal tumor resection

• Perirenal lymphatic vessel dissection

• Renal artery aneurysm resection and vascular reconstruction

Bladder surgery

• Radical cystectomy

• Partial cystectomy

• Excision of patent urachus in adult

• Vesicovaginal fistula repair

Prostate surgery

• Radical prostatectomy

• Simple prostatectomy (BPH)

• Retzius-sparing radical prostatectomy with retrograde release of neurovascular bundle

Ureter reconstruction

• Pyeloplasty

• Ureteral reimplantation

• Left ureteral polyp resection and anastomosis via transumbilical mesenteric approach

• Ureteral reconstruction using a bladder flap

• Ureteral reconstruction using an appendiceal segment

Urethral surgery

• Total urethrectomy

• Preputial flap urethroplasty

Urinary tract oncology

• Radical nephroureterectomy

Uterine surgery

• Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

• Myomectomy

• Gasless transumbilical hysterectomy

Adnexal surgery

• Adnexectomy

• Ovarian cystectomy

• Salpingoplasty

Pelvic reconstruction

• Sacrohysteropexy

• Lateral wall suspension

• Sacrocolpopexy

Gynecologic oncology

• Radical hysterectomy (early-stage cervical cancer)

• Manipulator-free radical hysterectomy

• Endometrial cancer staging surgery

• Manipulator-free radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer

vNOTES

• Hysterectomy

• Oophorectomy

• Gasless vNOTES hysterectomy

• Gasless vNOTES ovarian cystectomy

• vNOTES total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

• vNOTES myomectomy

• vNOTES adnexectomy

• vNOTES ovarian cystectomy

• vNOTES sacrocolpopexy

Lung surgery

• Sleeve lobectomy

• Lobectomy

• Segmentectomy

• Wedge resection

• Telesurgery on lobectomy

• Radical resection of lung cancer via transareolar approach

Mediastinal surgery

• Anterior mediastinal tumor resection

• Posterior mediastinal tumor resection

Diaphragmatic surgery

• Diaphragmatic hernia repair via intercostal approach

Pediatric urology

• Pyeloplasty

• Ureteral reimplantation

• Radical nephrectomy

• Partial nephrectomy

• Heminephroureterectomy

• Adrenalectomy

• Retroperitoneal adrenalectomy

• Renal cyst decortication

• Urachal cyst resection

• Mitrofanoff procedure

• Bladder neck plication

• Bladder foreign body removal

• Varicocelectomy

• Orchiopexy

• Bilateral gonadectomy

• Vesicovaginal fistula repair

• Vaginoplasty with urethrovaginal fistula repair and urethral reconstruction

• Telesurgery on pyeloplasty

• Telesurgery in nonfunctional nephrectomy

Pediatric general surgery

• Fundoplication

• Diaphragmatic hernia repair

• Hiatal hernia repair

• Hiatal hernia repair and fundoplication

• Gastrotomy

• Gastric duplication cyst

• Choledochal cyst excision

• Pancreatic tumor resection

• Distal pancreatic tumor excision with pancreatic repair

• Splenectomy

• Partial splenectomy

• Ladd's procedure for intestinal malrotation

• Pull-through procedure for congenital megacolon

• Anorectal malformation repair

• Rectovaginal septum lesion excision

• Combined pelvic and subphrenic tumor resection

• Mesenteric lymphangioma excision

• Omental lymphangioma excision

• Pediatric ovarian teratoma excision

• Appendectomy

• Cholecystectomy

• Inguinal hernia repair

• Telesurgery on appendectomy

• Telesurgery on choledochal cyst excision

• Telesurgery in definitive surgery for Hirschsprung’s disease

Pediatric thoracic surgery

• Mediastinal tumor resection

• Mediastinal tumor resection via intercostal approach